Electric Field Distribution Research Articles

Synergistic Engineering of Energy Band Alignment and Interfacial Electric Field Distribution over Bi-bismuth-Based Hetero-nanofibers for Boosting Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis and Antibiotic Removal.

Synergistic engineering of energy band alignment and interfacial electric field distribution is essential for photocatalyst design but is still challenging because of the limitation on refined regulation in the nanoscale. This study addresses the issue by employing surface modification and thermal-induced phase transformation in Bi2MoO6/BixOyIz hetero-nanofiber frameworks. The energy band alignment switches from a type-II interface to a Z-scheme contact with stronger redox potentials and inhibited electron traps, and the optimized built-in electric field distribution could be reached based on experimental and theoretical investigations. The engineered hetero-nanofibers exhibit outstanding visible-light-driven photocatalytic nitrogen reduction activity (605 μmol/g/h) and tetracycline hydrochloride removal rate (81.5% within 30 min), ranking them among the top-performing bismuth series materials. Furthermore, the photocatalysts show promise in activating advanced oxidants for efficient organic pollutant degradation. Moreover, the Bi2MoO6/Bi5O7I hetero-nanofibers possess good recycling stability owing to their three-dimensional network structure. This research offers valuable insights into heterojunction design for environmental remediation and industrial applications.

A bifunctional metamaterial with broadband properties of absorption and linear-to-linear polarization conversion

This paper proposes, measures, and investigates a bifunctional metamaterial capable of achieving absorption and reflective linear-to-linear polarization conversion simultaneously, which both exhibit the characteristics of broadband. The unit cell consists of a metal pattern with resistors, a dielectric plate, an air layer, and a metal backplate. The simulation results demonstrate that the designed metamaterial acquires over 90% absorption in the microwave band of 6.5–9.3 GHz. Within the frequency range of 12.7 GHz–17.2 GHz, the polarization conversion rate exceeds 90%, effectively converting y-polarized incident waves into x-polarized reflected waves. The experimental results align with the simulation data. The surface current and electric field distributions are utilized to analyze the absorption and polarization conversion phenomena. This bifunctional metamaterial exhibits potential application in radar imaging, enhancing data transmission rates, and wireless communication.

GOLD PLASMONIC ARRAY STRUCTURES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS

This article is devoted to the theoretical study of the plasmonic properties of periodically arranged arrays of gold nanoparticles. The Comsol Multiphysics software, which is based on the finite element method, was used to build 3D numerical models for the simulation and conduct research. In this work the electric field distribution and optical characteristics of the spherical gold nanoparticles array were studied. Individual localized surface plasmon resonance modes are influenced when metallic nanoparticles are in the close proximity and as a result the electric near- fields can couple, resulting in a new hybrid mode. We mainly focused here on the investigation of two crucial questions, particularly, influences of the gap between the nanoparticles and the refractive index of the surrounding medium on the resulting optical response of the gold nanoparticles arrays. The array of periodically arragement gold nanoparticles is characterized by an enhanced local electric field between the nanoparticles, which is inversely proportional to the gap between the particles. The field strength and optical properties (reflection, transmission, and absorption) can be conveniently manipulated by changing the gap between particles. In additional, their potential applications as sensetive plasmonic sensors element have been considered. The studied structure has a significant potential for practical applications due to its wide range of the operating wavelengths and ease of the high-throughput fabrication. In the course of the study, it was established that the change in the distance between the surface of nanoparticles by 1 nm leads to a significant shift in the spectral transmission and reflection curves on the spectral range. In addition, these studies showed that an increase in the distance between the surfaces of nanoparticles leads to the decrease in the near-field interaction between gold nanoparticles in the array. Therefore, the obtained results can be successfully used in the manufacture of highly sensitive plasmon sensors with the possibility of controlling the sensitivity and the working spectral range.

Left-handed metamaterial based on circular split ring (CSRR) resonator for microwave sensing Application

This paper presents a new metamaterial structure specifically designed to operate in the L, S, and C frequency bands. It is characterized by a small unit cell size of 15mm × 15 mm. The metamaterial's electromagnetic properties are thoroughly examined, utilizing FR-4 substrate material and copper circular split ring resonators (CSRRs). The Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software uses the finite integration technique (FIT) to precisely model the effective parameters over a frequency range of 0–6 GHz. In simulations and experiments, the structure demonstrates negative refractive index, effective permittivity, and effective permeability. The electric and magnetic field distributions within the unit cell are accurately characterized using vector fields. In addition, the equivalent circuit is simulated and depicted using ADS software, with comparisons drawn between the measured data and the simulated data. The experimental validation, conducted using six varying thicknesses of FR4 materials, verifies the resemblance between the simulated and the measured transmission coefficients. Moreover, the effective medium ratio (EMR) of the metamaterial is calculated to be 12.74, indicating its promising capabilities for microwave sensing applications. The examination of the sensor model uncovers such metrics as quality factors, frequency detection resolution (FDR) values, and sensitivities, all of which enhance our comprehension of the material's performance. This discovery has the potential to advance the development of sensing metamaterials, which could significantly impact various applications and enhance research in the field.

Controllable concentric electric field line distribution for simultaneous separation of DNA

An approach for the controllable separation and concentration of nucleic acid using a circular nonuniform electric field was proposed and developed. Using six different lengths of DNA molecules as standard samples, the distribution of the gradient electric field was increased from the outer circular electrode to the inner rod-shaped electrode, contributing to the migration of DNA molecules at a velocity gradient towards the region with the strongest inner electric field. The DNA molecules were arranged in a distribution of concentric circles that aligned with the distribution of concentric equipotential lines. The concentration of DNA multiplied with the alternation of radius. As a result, this platform allowed simultaneous DNA separation, achieving a resolution range of 1.17–3.03 through an extended electrophoresis time, resulting in enhanced concentration factors of 1.08–6.27. Moreover, the manipulation of the relative height of the inner and outer electrodes enabled precise control over the distribution and the deflection degree of electric field lines, leading to accurate control over DNA deflection.

High-gain TM11 mode equilateral triangular patch antenna with shorting pins and triangular short horn

Abstract Normally, the reported gain of the microstrip patch antenna is within 8 dBi. Using properly located three shorting pins on three bisectors, the present work reports a method to convert the non-radiating TM11 mode of equilateral triangular patch antennas (ETPAs) to a deformed TM11 radiating mode. The boresight gain of ETPA operating in TM11 mode is enhanced from −10.75 to 12.1 dBi at 5.43 GHz. The boresight measured gain is further enhanced to 14.2 dBi at 5.52 GHz by using a triangular surface-mounted short horn (SMSH) of about ${{\lambda }}/5$ height. The aperture efficiency of the ETPA with the shorting pins is 84.2%. The aperture efficiency is further improved to 94.2% using the SMSH. The measured boresight cross-polarization and side-lobe level are −40 and −29 dB, respectively. The nature of the electricfield and surface current distribution is analyzed, using both the characteristic mode analysis method and high-frequency structure simulator, to understand the role of shorting pin and coaxial feed in converting the non-radiating TM11 mode to the radiating mode. A systematic design process also is presented for a fast design of shorting pin-loaded ETPA on the suitable substrate at a specified frequency.

A novel double-gate trench SOI LDMOS with double-dielectric material by TCAD Simulation Study

Abstract In this paper, a novel double-gate trench silicon-on-insulator (SOI) lateral double-diffused metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (LDMOS) with double-dielectric material (DGDK-LDMOS) is proposed. DGDK-LDMOS has two dielectric materials: a reverse-L-shaped high-k (HK) thin film and an low-k (LK) buried oxide layer. The HK thin film optimizes the electric field distribution on the drift region surface, attracting electric flux, and the excellent withstand voltage of the LK buried oxide layer can significantly improve the breakdown voltage (BV) and reduce specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) of the device. The modulation mechanism of LDMOS by HK thin film and LK buried oxide layer is analyzed. The results show that compared with conventional LDMOS (C-LDMOS), when the permittivity of HK thin film is 25 and the permittivity of LK buried oxide is 3, the BV of DGDK-LDMOS is increased by 89.6%, the Ron,sp is decreased by 26.4%, and the figure of merit (FOM, FOM = BV2/Ron,sp) is increased by 397.2% from 3.6 MW·cm−2 to 17.9 MW·cm−2. Meanwhile, the output characteristics, transfer characteristics, lattice temperature, AC characteristics and switching characteristics of DGDK-LDMOS are also discussed and compared.

Multi-parameter terahertz metamaterial sensors based on single-layer quarter ring patterns

A terahertz metamaterial sensor based on a single-layer quarter ring pattern is proposed to realize the simultaneous measurement of temperature, refractive index, and other parameters through a metasurface consisting of a patterned quarter ring gold layer and a silicon substrate. Field finite element numerical simulations were performed to analyse the transmission and reflection spectra. A two-parameter sensor combined with electric field distribution was realized using multiple peaks, thus revealing the physical mechanisms of the interaction in metamaterial structures. In addition, the effect of each geometrical parameter on the sensor performance is also simultaneously analysed to verify the optimal selection of structural parameters. On this basis, the sensors are theoretically analysed at different incidence and polarization angles, and the results show that the transmittance is not sensitive to the polarization angle. The simulation results show that the transmittance at the resonant frequencies of 0.48 THz, 0.64 THz, 0.79 THz and 1.04 THz are 93.7 %, 79.1 %, 38.4 % and 50.8 %, respectively, and the refractive index sensitivities at the resonant frequencies are 6.84 GHz/RIU, 7.42 GHz/RIU, 8.22 GHz/RIU and 32.11 GHz/RIU, and quality factor Q of 6.76, 9.63, 15.51 and 26.28, respectively. The devices proposed in this study are simple in structure, easy to fabricate, easy to miniaturize and can be integrated for sensitivity, multi-parameter sensors. They can be functionally designed for chemical and biological sensing and other important applications.

Tunable polarization-independent and angle-insensitive ultra-broadband terahertz absorber with vanadium dioxide

Abstract In this paper, a tunable ultra-broadband terahertz metamaterial absorber is proposed based on the phase transition material of vanadium dioxide (VO2). The absorber cell consists of a petal-like monolayer vanadium dioxide, a dielectric layer, and a metal layer. The terahertz absorption bandwidth of more than 90% absorptance reaches 4.2 THz, which covers from 1.99 to 6.19 THz, and a relative bandwidth attains to 102.7%. By changing the conductivity of VO2, the absorbance of this structure can be dynamically adjusted from 2.4% to 98.96%. The physical mechanism of the perfect absorption in this paper is investigated by the impedance matching theory and electric field distributions. The results show that the strong coupling effect in the petal-like structure contributes to the broadening of the absorption spectrum, and the absorber is polarization-insensitive and wide-angle incidence-insensitive due to the symmetry of the cell structure. The metamaterial absorber designed in this paper is expected to have a wide range of applications in the fields of terahertz imaging, stealth, sensing and detection.

Conversion and Active Control between BIC and Absorber in Terahertz Metasurface

A multifunctional switchable metamaterial device based on graphene, a gold layer, polyimide, vanadiµm dioxide (VO2), and the sapphire substrate is designed in this paper. The top layer consists of a gold wire, graphene, and two split-ring resonators with the same parameters. By adjusting the Fermi level of graphene, the regulation of BIC and quasi-BIC is realized, and the conversion between BIC and absorber is realized by adjusting the conductivity of VO2. When the device is converted into a wave-absorbing device with single-band absorption characteristics, the Fermi level of graphene at this time is 0.001 eV, the absorption peak at 0.820 THz is higher than 99.5%, and when the Fermi level of regulated graphene is 1 eV, the absorption peak at 0.667 THz is also higher than 99.5%. The peak frequency of the device is 0.640 THz when it converts to quasi-BIC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the conversion and regulation of BIC and absorber have been achieved using these two phase change materials. Moreover, by adjusting the parameters of the metamaterial structure, the working efficiency and frequency of BIC and absorber can be dynamically adjusted. The electric field distribution and surface current of metamaterials are further studied, and the physical mechanism of effective absorption and BIC is discussed. These results show that the metamaterials proposed in this paper have many advantages, such as terahertz absorption, BIC, and active device control, and are of great significance for developing terahertz multifunctional devices.

Large-Area Near-Infrared Emission Enhancement on Single Upconversion Nanoparticles by Metal Nanohole Array.

Single lanthanide (Ln) ion doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit great potential for biomolecule sensing and counting. Plasmonic structures can improve the emission efficiency of single UCNPs by modulating the energy transferring process. Yet, achieving robust and large-area single UCNP emission modulation remains a challenge, which obstructs investigation and application of single UCNPs. Here, we present a strategy using metal nanohole arrays (NHAs) to achieve energy-transfer modulation on single UCNPs simultaneously within large-area plasmonic structures. By coupling surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) with higher-intermediate state (1D2 → 3F3, 1D2 → 3H4) transitions, we achieved a remarkable up to 10-fold enhancement in 800 nm emission, surpassing the conventional approach of coupling SPPs with an intermediate ground state (3H4 → 3H6). We numerically simulate the electrical field distribution and reveal that luminescent enhancement is robust and insensitive to the exact location of particles. It is anticipated that the strategy provides a platform for widely exploring applications in single-particle quantitative biosensing.

DFT-Assisted Investigation of the Electric Field and Charge Density Distribution of Pristine and Defective 2D WSe2 by Differential Phase Contrast Imaging.

Most properties of solid materials are defined by their internal electric field and charge density distributions which so far are difficult to measure with high spatial resolution. Especially for 2D materials, the atomic electric fields influence the optoelectronic properties. In this study, the atomic-scale electric field and charge density distribution of WSe2 bi- and trilayers are revealed using an emerging microscopy technique, differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). For pristine material, a higher positive charge density located at the selenium atomic columns compared to the tungsten atomic columns is obtained and tentatively explained by a coherent scattering effect. Furthermore, the change in the electric field distribution induced by a missing selenium atomic column is investigated. A characteristic electric field distribution in the vicinity of the defect with locally reduced magnitudes compared to the pristine lattice is observed. This effect is accompanied by a considerable inward relaxation of the surrounding lattice, which according to first principles DFT calculation is fully compatible with a missing column of Se atoms. This shows that DPC imaging, as an electric field sensitive technique, provides additional and remarkable information to the otherwise only structural analysis obtained with conventional STEM imaging.

In-situ Ultrafast Construction of Zinc Tungstate Interface Layer for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes.

Constructing artificial solid electrolyte interface on the Zn anode surface is recognized as an appealing method to inhibit zinc dendrites and side reactions, whereas the current techniques are complex and time-consuming. Here, a robust and zincophilic zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) layer has beenin situ constructed on the Zn anode surface (denoted as ZWO@Zn) by an ultrafast chemical solution reaction. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the ZWO layer can effectively modulate the interfacial electric field distribution and promote the Zn2+ uniform diffusion, thus facilitating the uniform Zn2+ nucleation and suppressing zinc dendrites. Besides, ZWO layer can prevent direct contact between the Zn/water and increase the hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential to eliminate side reactions. Consequently, the in-situ constructed ZWO layer facilitates remarkable reversibility in the ZWO@Zn||Ti battery, achieving an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.36% under 1.0 mA cm-2, unprecedented cycling lifespan exceeding 1800 h under 1.0 mA cm-2 in ZWO@Zn||ZWO@Zn battery, and a steady and reliable operation of the overall ZWO@Zn||VS2 battery. The work provides a simple, low cost, and ultrafast pathway to crafting protective layers for driving advancements in aqueous zinc-metal batteries.

In‐situ Ultrafast Construction of Zinc Tungstate Interface Layer for Highly Reversible Zinc Anodes

Constructing artificial solid electrolyte interface on the Zn anode surface is recognized as an appealing method to inhibit zinc dendrites and side reactions, whereas the current techniques are complex and time‐consuming. Here, a robust and zincophilic zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) layer has been in situ constructed on the Zn anode surface (denoted as ZWO@Zn) by an ultrafast chemical solution reaction. Comprehensive characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the ZWO layer can effectively modulate the interfacial electric field distribution and promote the Zn2+ uniform diffusion, thus facilitating the uniform Zn2+ nucleation and suppressing zinc dendrites. Besides, ZWO layer can prevent direct contact between the Zn/water and increase the hydrogen evolution reaction overpotential to eliminate side reactions. Consequently, the in‐situ constructed ZWO layer facilitates remarkable reversibility in the ZWO@Zn||Ti battery, achieving an impressive Coulombic efficiency of 99.36% under 1.0 mA cm‐2, unprecedented cycling lifespan exceeding 1800 h under 1.0 mA cm‐2 in ZWO@Zn||ZWO@Zn battery, and a steady and reliable operation of the overall ZWO@Zn||VS2 battery. The work provides a simple, low cost, and ultrafast pathway to crafting protective layers for driving advancements in aqueous zinc‐metal batteries.

Inclusion of metal nanoparticles at the core-shell interface of GaAs0.99Bi0.01/ZnO/ITO core-shell nanowire solar cell for photovoltaic performance enhancement

Optoelectronic performance analysis of perpendicularly aligned conformally coated GaAs0.99Bi0.01/ZnO/ITO core–shell nanowire solar cell having a core length of 1 μm, core diameter of 160 nm, shell thickness of 10 nm and period of 280 nm, decorated with Au metal nanoparticles(MNPs) of variable diameters at the core–shell interface is done employing FDTD method. Diameter optimization of MNPs with four different diameters values around core GaAs0.99Bi0.01 nanowire is accomplished in terms of maximum short circuit current density (Jsc), which offered an optimized diameter combination of D1 = D2 = 50 nm and D3 = 34 nm, D4 = 10 nm, resulting in a maximum Jsc of 32.6 mA cm−2. A detailed analysis of the electric field profile including its top view and longitudinal view is presented to investigate the distribution of electric field upon optical illumination at different wavelength range. The overall photo generation rate profile is also presented to focus on the localized surface plasmon resonance effect caused by the metal nanoparticles (MNPs). In order to boost the electrical performance, a thin coating of electron selective ZnO shell is used around p type GaAs0.99Bi0.01core, which aids in charge carrier separation, thereby improving open circuit voltage (Voc) and overall power conversion efficiency (PCE). The electrical characteristics of bare NW and MNP decorated GaAs0.99Bi0.01/ZnO core–shell nanowire solar cell for different MNP diameters have been compared. For the optimized diameter combination, as stated above, a Voc of 941 mV, Jsc of 28 mA cm−2, FF of 84.35% and PCE of 22.19% is obtained for SRV of 105 cm s−1 at the interfaces and SRH recombination lifetime as less as 10 ns. For SRV of 105 cm s−1 at the interfaces and SRH recombination lifetime of 1 μs, this proposed structure can achieve a Voc of 1.06 V, Jsc of 31.5 mA cm−2, PCE of 29.37% and FF of 87.88% for equal diameters of D1 = D2 = D3 = D4 = 50 nm.

Transmission/reflection mode switchable ultra-broadband terahertz vanadium dioxide (VO2) metasurface filter for electromagnetic shielding application

In this paper, we present an ultra-broadband terahertz (THz) vanadium dioxides (VO2) metasurface (MS) filter with switchable transmission/reflection modes for electromagnetic (EM) shielding application. The MS filter is composed of a three-layer periodic composite structure, consisting of two VO2/metallic hybrid layers and a metal mesh layer, which are separated by two benzocyclobutene (BCB) dielectric layers. The transmission property of the proposed MS filter is illustrated by the numerical simulation based on the finite element method (FEM) and equivalent circuit model (ECM). When VO2 is in insulating state, the designed composite structure acts as a filter with ultra-broadband bandpass response (BPR), exhibiting that the transmission coefficient exceeds 90 % from 1.07 THz to 3.78 THz, with a relative bandwidth of 112 %. However, owing to thermal excitation, the VO2 converts from an insulating to a metallic state, the composite structure can be functioned as a filter with ultra-broadband bandstop response (BSR) with a transmission coefficient less than 6 % spanning the range of 0.1 to 4.5 THz. In addition, the physical mechanism of the designed MS filter is investigated utilizing impedance matching theory and electric field distribution analysis. Furthermore, the MS filter has good polarization insensitivity and angular stability. Finally, we quantify the shielding effectiveness (SE) in two states and evaluate the impact structural parameters of the unit-cell, resulting in a SE of more than 25 dB in reflection mode across the entire operating frequency range. Our proposed MS filter with its exquisite performance has the potential to be widely applied in EM shielding.

Dynamically tunable terahertz multi-band perfect absorber based on photosensitive silicon

Abstract A tunable narrowband terahertz absorber is proposed based on the photosensitive characteristics of silicon. When silicon is insulating without the pump beam, the absorber realizes three-frequency absorption at 0.731 THz, 1.145 THz, and 1.546 THz with absorptivity of 99.43%, 99.99%, and 99.98%, respectively. When the silicon is excited by the pump beam, it is conducting, and the absorber realizes double-frequency absorption at 0.852 THz, 1.536 THz, with 99.99% and 99.31%. The impedance matching theory explains the perfect absorption, and the electric field and surface current distributions are further discussed to elaborate the physical mechanisms. In addition, the effect of geometric parameters on the absorptivity is discussed. The absorber exhibits wide-angle absorption characteristics when light is polarized along the y-direction, and the absorptivity exhibits weak dependence on the polarization angle.The proposed absorber has promising applications in electromagnetic cloaking, narrow-band thermal radiation, and optoelectronic detection.

High-velocity and large-coupling surface wave mode using acoustic Bragg reflector stack with matched excitation condition

High-velocity, large-coupling acoustic mode is the eternal pursuit of microacoustic research. Surface mode on piezoelectric films supported by an acoustic Bragg reflector (ABR) stack is one possible solution for realizing such a goal. However, some acoustic modes exhibit lower couplings in experiments than theoretically predicted, especially when metal layers are used as high-impedance layers in the ABR. The mechanism of this performance deterioration is still unclear. In this work, the electric field distribution in a piezoelectric plate mounted to an ABR stack is analyzed by considering the inductive current effect in conductive ABR layers. The field distribution required by one mode is found to be distorted by the effect, which results in a reduction in the excitation efficiency for the mode. We propose the use of another acoustic mode with a concentrated electric field in the top layers. As analyzed in comparison, the impact of the inductive effect on the mode is negligible. On an optimized crystal cut of lithium niobate, the selected mode exhibits 22.64% coupling and an acoustic velocity of 6006 m/s.

Adequate laser focusing and signal acquisition conditions for 3D measurement of electric-field distribution by the E-FISHG method

Electric field measurement using electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation (E-FISHG) has attracted attention because of its non-invasiveness and high spatiotemporal resolution. In the electric field measurement by the E-FISHG method, the applied electric-field profile along the laser path outside the focal spot affects the second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal. We have proposed a method of calibrating and inferring the applied electric-field profile from the SHG distribution along the laser path. In our previous research, the successful inference of a relatively simple electric-field profile from a series of SHG signals was demonstrated. To measure more complex electric-field profiles, we apply our method to three cases of electric-field profiles: (1) the profile with different sharpness, (2) the profile with two peaks, and (3) the profile with noise superimposed on the SHG signal. The applied electric-field distribution can be inferred within 10% error by adequately choosing the confocal parameter. We also provide guidelines for the required signal acquisition region and measurement pitch when the approximate shape of the applied electric field is known, which are important for actual measurement.

High-performance zinc metal anode enabled by large-scale integration of superior ion transport layer

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal battery is regarded as a promising candidate with low cost and high safety for energy storage systems at large scales. However, the destabilized Zn2+ transport at the reaction interface severely restricts the lifespan of zinc anode, and the strategies suitable for large-scale integration of the anode’s protection layer are required. Herein, an independent protective layer of Cu@CuO nanowire arrays is proposed to stabilize zinc anode with comprehensive regulation of Zn2+ transport. Through wet-chemical etching, the nanowire structure with a geometric area of 250 cm2 can be synthesized in one pot. From experimental analysis and simulation results, such a layer not only homogenizes the distribution of interfacial electric field, but also enhances Zn2+ transfer kinetics with improved ionic conductivity and increased transference number. Meanwhile, the activity of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is decreased due to the integration of this unique layer. As a result, the protected zinc anode can be stably operated at 2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2, and the stable current density can further increase to 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the protective layer is featured with superior hydrophilicity, and can be feasibly utilized for large-area pouch cells, revealing the scalability and effectiveness in practical devices. This work proposes a facile protection strategy for zinc anode from the perspective of optimizing Zn2+ transport by large-scale integration of superior ion transport layer, showing great potential in high-performance zinc metal anode.